Notes on World Bank Group and its major institutions: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID, and ADB, covering their objectives, working, and functions.
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
Objectives:
- Reduce
poverty and promote sustainable development in middle-income and
creditworthy low-income countries.
- Support
economic reconstruction and development, initially focused on rebuilding
Europe after WWII.
- Promote
economic growth and development by providing financial and technical
assistance.
Working:
- IBRD
raises funds primarily through international capital markets with a AAA
credit rating, allowing it to lend at favorable rates.
- Provides
loans, guarantees, risk management products, and advisory services to
member countries.
- Works
closely with governments to finance infrastructure, education, health,
energy, environmental, and social development projects.
- Offers
technical support, economic policy advice, and capacity building for
governments.
Functions:
- Provides
long-term loans and financial products tailored for sustainable
development projects.
- Advises
member countries on governance reforms, public financial management, and
institutional strengthening.
- Supports
disaster recovery and post-conflict reconstruction.
- Promotes
environmental sustainability, climate change mitigation, and social
inclusion in development efforts.
- Coordinates
with other World Bank Group institutions and international organizations
to address regional and global challenges.
Additional Details:
- Founded
in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.
- Serves
middle-income countries and creditworthy low-income countries, which house
a significant portion of the world's poor.
- Has
loaned over $500 billion since inception.
- Known
as the largest development bank globally.
2. International Development Association (IDA)
Objectives:
- Provide
concessional financing and grants to the world's poorest countries.
- Help
reduce poverty by supporting projects that improve living conditions and
promote economic growth.
Working:
- IDA
provides low or zero-interest loans and grants to countries that lack
access to traditional financial markets.
- Focuses
on social programs, infrastructure, agriculture, and human development
projects.
Functions:
- Offers
financial resources for health, education, water supply, sanitation, and
agriculture.
- Supports
capacity building and technical assistance.
- Works
to improve governance and institutional capacity in recipient countries.
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Objectives:
- Promote
private sector investment in developing countries.
- Foster
economic growth by supporting private enterprises that create jobs and
improve the quality of life.
Working:
- Provides
loans, equity investments, and advisory services to private sector
projects.
- Focuses
on sectors like infrastructure, manufacturing, agribusiness, and financial
services.
Functions:
- Assists
businesses with investment financing.
- Offers
advisory services on environmental, social, and governance practices.
- Supports
public-private partnerships and mobilizes capital from international
investors.
Also Check other notes !!Theories of International Trade
- Need and Importance of International Trade
- Free trade and protectionFree trade and protection
- Mercantilism
- Absolute Cost Advantage theory
- Comparative Cost Advantage theory
- Theory of Reciprocal demand
- Terms of trade-Meaning, Types and Determination.
The Balance of Payments
- Concept and components of balance of trade and balance of payments.
- Disequilibrium and measures to correct balance of payments.
- Foreign trade of India and foreign trade policy of India.
Foreign Exchange and Exchange rate
Foreign exchange rate under gold standard,
- Purchasing power parity theory and modern theory of exchange rate,
- Methods of controlling exchange rate- Unilateral and bilateral.
Financial Institutions
- International monetary system: Bretton woods system and IMF, Objectives, Working Quota System, SDR,
- The World bank group- IBRD,IDA,IFC,MIGA,ICSID,ADB- Objectives,working and functions
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Objectives:
- Promote
foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries by providing
political risk insurance.
- Support
sustainable economic growth through increased investment flows.
Working:
- Offers
guarantees against political risks such as expropriation, currency
transfer restrictions, war, and civil disturbance.
- Helps
investors and lenders reduce risks and attract more capital to projects.
Functions:
- Provides
political risk insurance and credit enhancement services.
- Encourages
investment in challenging environments.
- Supports
development by facilitating FDI in key sectors.
5. International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID)
Objectives:
- Provide
facilities for conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes between
governments and foreign investors.
- Foster
an international investment climate that encourages capital flow.
Working:
- Administers
arbitration and conciliation proceedings.
- Offers
a legal framework for resolving disputes outside of national courts.
Functions:
- Provides
dispute resolution services under international investment agreements.
- Enhances
investor confidence by ensuring fair and effective dispute handling.
6. Asian Development Bank (ADB) [Note: ADB is a separate
regional development bank, not part of World Bank Group]
Objectives:
- Promote
economic growth and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Help
member countries reduce poverty and improve infrastructure and social
services.
Working:
- Provides
loans, grants, and technical assistance to developing countries in Asia.
- Collaborates
with governments and private sectors to implement projects.
Functions:
- Focuses
on infrastructure, energy, education, healthcare, and environmental
sustainability.
- Supports
regional integration and cooperation initiatives.
- Mobilizes
resources from member countries and international financial markets for
development projects.
References
- https://www.vedantu.com/full-form/ibrd-full-form
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/international_bank_of_reconstruction_and_development
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/international-bank-of-reconstruction-and-development.asp
- https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development
- https://ngofeed.com/blog/ibrd-full-form/
- https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/international-bank-for-reconstruction-and-development-ibrd
- https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/international-bank-for-reconstruction-and-development-1448885360-1
- https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/world-bank-group/
- https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/international-bank-for-reconstruction-and-development-ibrd/73298811
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